FINAL OUTPUT
Ang salitang Mesopotamia ay nangangahulugang "Lupain sa pagitan ng dalawang ilog".Dahil sa pagkalinang sa matabang lupaing hugis bagong buwan,ito ay binansagang Fertile Crescent.Ito ay matatagpuan sa pagitan ng ilog ng Tigris at Euphrates sa bansang Iraq ngayon. Sumer ang tawag sa timugang bahagi ng Mesopotamia at doon din unang sumibol ang unang sibilisasyon sa mundo.
Source: slideshare.con
IRIGASYON
Kailangang kontrolin ang mga ilog, upang masaka ang mga lupaing ito dahil bumabaha ang Tigris at Euphrates tuwing tag-init, sa mismong panahon ng pagtubo ng mga pananim. Kinakailangang gumawa ng malawakang irigasyon kaya naman gumawa ang mga Sumerian ng mga dike at kanal upang padaluyan ng tubig na galing sa mga ilog ang mga tuyong lupain nito.
PAMAHALAAN
Sa Eridu tinatag ang unang kaharian sa mundo. Ayon sa tradisyunal na kasaysayan si Alulim ang unang hari ng unang kaharian.Kailangan ng isang tao upang ipatupad ang pagtutulungan at pamahalaan ang paghahati-hati ng mga limitadong pagkukunan tulad ng tubig. Kailangan ng isang tao upang titiyak na ibebenta ng mga mamamayan ang kanilang sobrang produksyon sa mga di-magsasaka—mga karpintero,mga ginagawa ng produktong balat. Sa isang mabangis na lugar lamang kailangan ang burukrasya na pinamumunuan ng hari. Ang sabi nila ay nagsimula ang sibilisasyon sa regimen ni Alulim.
PAKIKIPAGKALAKALAN
Umaangkat sila ng troso sa Lebanon at resin sa Mozambique.Ang mga artisanong Sumerian ay ginagawa ang banga at mga alahas na ivory ,bakal ginto ,pilak ,carnelian ,at lapis lazuli.
SISTEMA NG PAGSUSULAT
Nalinang din sila sa pagsususlat ng tinatawag na cuneiform na Latin at nangangahulugang wedge sa pamamagitan ng stylus bilang panulat at pinatuyong tabletang luwad.
ESTADONG LUNGSOD
Noong huling bahagi ng ikaapat na milenyo, nahahati ang Sumer sa 12 malayang estadong lungsod na pinaghiwa-hiwalay ng mga kanal at mga hangganang bato; Uruk, Kish,Ur Nippur, Lagash,Girsu,Umma,Hamazi ,Adab ,Mari, Akshak ,Akkad 1 at Pinamumunuan ang lungsod ng paring gobernador (ensi) o isang Hari (ugal) na may malapit na kaugnay sa mga ritwal na panrehiliyon ng lungsod.Ang unang limang estadong lungsod ng Sumer ay Bad-tibira,Larsa,Sippar at Shuruppak.
Noong mga 3500 BC , nalinang ang mga Sumerian ang unang sibilisasyon sa mundo. Ang kanilang pangunahing lungsod ay Ur , NASA may isang lawa ito sa Persian Gulf . Sa mga libingan ng mga hari ng Ur nakita ang pambihira kayamanan; mga mangkok na ginto, mga palakol na ginto at pilak, isang punyal na ginto at marami pa. Si Ur-Nammu ang unang haring nakilala sa kasaysayan. Siya ang gumawa Ng malaking ziggurat ng Ur.
PANANAKOP AT PAGBAGSAK
Nasakop ni Sargon ng Imperyong Akkadian ang Fertile Crescent at siya ay namuno nang 56 taon. Siya ang nagtatag ng unang imperyo sa mundo.
Nang maging pinuno si Hammurabi ng Babylonia pinagyaman niya ang kultura ng mga Sumerian. Ipinakilala niya si Marduk bilang Diyos. Sa mga mata ng mga mamamayan ang kanilang paring hari ay kinatawan ng kanilang Diyos kaya naman taglay ni Hammurabi ang kapangyarihang politikal at panrehiliyon. Sumamba rin sila kay Nippui na bathala. Naisulat din ang unang kodigo ng batas.
Ang mga Hittite na sinasabing nagmula sa tribung Indo-European na dumayo sa Asia Minor at nakapagtatag ng malalayang lungsod ang pumalit kay Hammurabi sa pamumuno ng imperyo. Mahalagang naituro sa Hittite ang paggamit ng sandatang bakal at karitelang pandigma na hinihila ng kabayo. Sinundan ng mga Assyrian ang pamumuno ng imperyo. Itinayo niya ang militaristang estadong lungsod. Sinundan ni Sennacherib at Ashurbanipal si Sargon II. Nakapagpatayo si Ashurbanipal ng pandaigdigang aklatan sa Nineveh at palasyo naman ang kay Sennacherib na isa sa pinakamatandang monumento sa mundo. Sa panahong ito nakilala ang epikong Gigamesh.
Matapos matalo ang mga Assyrian ang imperyo ay pinamumunuan ng mga Chaldean nang masira nito ang Nineveh noong 612 BCE. Si Nebuchadnezzar ang pinunong nakapagpatayo ng Hanging Gardens sa Babylon at inalay sa malungkuting asawa na si Amythis. Dahil sa pananakop ng Persians nagwakas ang pananatili ng mga Chaldean sa Mesopotamia.
Sa kabila ng mayamang kultura ang kabihasnang Sumer ay bumagsak dulot ng kawalan ng pagkakaisa at madalas na paglala-laban ng mga estadong lungsod.
Bibliography;
SINGAPORE
Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island city-state in maritime Southeast Asia.
PLACE
MERLION PARK- perfect spot to your Singapore adventure. -the famous half-fish, half-lion statue is not only the nation most prominent icon, it's location also provide a stunning 360 degree view of soaring skyline and World famous striction sorrounding Marina Bay.
The Sentosa Merlion Entrance fee is about $18 (INR 905) for adults and $15 (INR 754) for children and senior citizens. The Sentosa Merlion ticket prices are quite low for the local people of Singapore and are around $15 (INR 754) for adults and $12.50 (INR 628) for children and senior citizens.Night 🌃🌃
Morning🌄🌄
SINGAPORE RIVER- statues of "Children Playing by the River" with a view of heritage building and bridges along Singapore River at the Civic District in Singapore.
To purchase tickets—S$25 for adults, S$15 for children aged 3 to 12—head to the Clarke Quay Jetty River Cruise ticketing counter, next to the GX 5 Extreme Swing & Trampoline Bungy. Alternatively, you can purchase your tickets from any of the ticketing counters along the Singapore River (check below for a comprehensive list).The entire ride lasts for 40 minutes, and visitors can feel free to disembark at any of the 13 jetties to explore, although visitors should note that this will conclude their trip.
Source: makemytrip.com
GADEN BY THE BAY- surreal man-made marvel that truly makes the city stand out from the rest of world.
When you purchase in person, access to both conservatories at Gardens by the bay is $28 SGD for an adult, or $15 SGD for a child. It is an additional $8 SGD per person to use the OCBC Skyway.
Morning
Source:tripsavvy.com
Source: veltra.com
UNIVERSAL STUDIOS SINGAPORE- good reason on its own to visit the country especially if you are with your family or friends.
One-Day Ticket Non Resident One-Day Ticket Singapore Resident Adult (Aged 13 to 59) $79 $75 Child (Aged 4 to 12) $59 $56 Senior (Aged 60 and above) $41 $41
Source: honeykidsasia.comSENTOSA ISLAND- you will see the Tiger Sky Tower,.in Singapore.
FromS$45.00. Choose from 60, 90 and 120 tokens and enjoy up to 55% savings! FromS$90.00.
Source: visit Singapore.com
Bibliography; detourista (n.d.) 33 Places to Visit in Singapore + Things To Do for First-Timers. Detourista. https://detourista.com
FOODS
Singapore is the melting pot of cuisine, incorporating a rich heritage of food dishes consisting of Chinese,Malaysian and Indonesian infulence.
Bak Kut Te- pepper variety with mild use of herbs like star anise.
Source: noobcook.com
FRIED CARROT CAKE - made with eggs, preserved white radish flour cake, which resembles a white carrot , thus giving rush to the name dish.
Source: visit Singapore.com
DIM SUM- shanghai—inspired type of cuisine available in Singapore is Dim Sum or Dian Xin..
Source: timeout.com
CURRY FISH HEAD - another ambiguous dish which probably has a South Indian origin ,but has been heavily influenced by the various ethnicities in Singapore.
Source: kuali.com
Bibliography;
ARTS
POTTERY- these are the place you can try pottery.
—Ceramic House ( Beginner class ) —Arudio Studio ( Basic Courses ). —Sam Mui Kang Pottery. —Studio Asobi ( Living Indroductory Workshop). —Shool of Clay Arts ( Foundational Pottery Courses)
Source: wonderall.sg
Bibliography; Genevieve (n.d.).15 pottery classes in Singapore you can sink your hands into. digital senior.sg .https://digitalsenior.sg/pottery-class-singapore/
BATIK- ancient painting style where designs on fabric are created using way.
Source: sgartclass.com
Bibliography; Artisan Hans (n.d.). What is Batik Painting?.artisanhans.com.https://artisanhans.sg/batik-painting-singapore
CHINESE OPERA- performances were observed in Singapore in the 19th century when Chinese immigrants brought the art form into Singapore....
Source: asiaone.com
Bibliography; Szydlik A.( 2018, December 18).Wayang | Chinese street opera in Singapore.medium.com.https://medium.com/@agaszydlik/wayang-chinese-street-opera-in-singapore-96607d4a1b2f
SCULPTURE - these are the places you can try sculpturing and see some sculpture.
BIRD , UOB PLAZA -
FIRST GENERATION , GALLERY ON HOTEL -
FISHING AT SINGAPORE RIVER -
THE RIVER MERCHANT , MAYBANK TOWER -
PRICE OF PIECE , BUKIT CHANDU -
THE JU MING —TAICHI—BOTANICAL GARDENS -
ANOTER DAY , SINGAPORE ARTS MUSEUM -Source: Ang C.( 2016 February 12).If You Have Seen All These Famous Sculptures In Singapore, You Are A True Blue Singaporean!.discoversg.com.https://discoversg.com/2016/02/12/famous-sculptures-in-singapore/
CLOTHES
BAJU KURUNG - traditional costume as well as the national dress of Singapore and Malaysia.
BAJU MELAYU - male version of Baju kurung , is a baggy shirt with long sleeves and is worn with long trousers.
CHEONGSAM - elegant traditional Singapore costume makes it a great alternative to modern wear.
SARONG KEBAYA - symbol of dignity for the Peranakan woman this traditional dress of Singapore was popularized in the early 20th Century by iconic banners of Singapore girl.
SARIS - ethnic Indian women prefer to wear traditional outfit like the Sari which is mainly worn around the shoulder and Salwar Kameez.
Source: Holidify.(n.d.).5 Traditional Dresses of Singapore That Portray Singapore's Diversity.holidify.com.https://www.holidify.com/pages/traditional-dress-of-singapore-2545.html
WEATHER
Singapore weather is hot and humid year-round, with this tiny city-state situated just 137 km above the Equator. The average temperature is 31°C at daytime and 24°C at night. Walking around at midday can be a real challenge, particularly between April and May when relative humidity is higher than 80%. Like the rest of Southeast Asia, Singapore’s climate is largely influenced by 2 monsoon winds.
The northeast monsoon (Nov-Mar) brings bursts of heavy rain and thunderstorms that sometimes last overnight. May and June are the hottest months, after which the southwest monsoon arrives, bringing with it a relatively dry climate. The best time to visit Singapore is between June and August when the average temperatures are around 24-31°C.
Despite the hot weather in Singapore, this is a country with air-conditioning pretty much everywhere, from the taxis to the museums and offices – which sometimes can even feel cold as they crank down the temperature on the thermostat!
Source: Smith P.(n.d.) Singapore Weather.ph.hotels.com.https://ph.hotels.com/go/singapore/singapore-weather
PEOPLE OF SINGAPORE
The People of Singapore
Spanning 42 kilometers from east to west and 23 kilometers north to south, Singapore is a small yet densely populated places on the world map. With almost 4.5 million people living in around 697 sq km, Singapore is a city-state packed with a great variety of people and culture.
Languages Spoken
Singapore has a colourful mix of four languages recognised by the Singapore government: English (the most widely spoken language), Mandarin, Malay and Tamil. Though the national language remains Malay, it is English that is used as a working language for business. On the streets of Singapore many speak Singlish, a patois language called Singapore Colloquial English by academics.
ethnic groups and the history of their migration to Singapore
But how did Singapore’s vivid portrait of diversity emerge? The orginal inhabitants were Malay fishermen. One imagines them scattered across the islands, peacefully casting their nets out to the ocean. However, this picture of simple bliss was to change irrevocably with the arrival of Sir Stamford Raffles. In 1819 he set foot on Singapore, establishing it as a British outpost and trading colony. This British colonial administrator quickly established schools in the native languages and enabled local business to flourish. In 1823, he drafted Singapore’s first constitution, which outlawed gaming and slavery. An abundance of merchants and migrants moved to the island and a web of business and commerce rapidly emerged. Most migrants came from the southern provinces of China, Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Ceylon and the Middle East, looking for the prospect of a better life. Singapore’s unique advantages stem from this combination of a) a hardworking ethnic mix, bringing with it a diversity of skills, and b) a strict western constitution bringing clear principals and a disciplined approach to business.
General culture and ethnic festivals
This population of Singapore is a melting pot of complementary ethic groups, consisting of 77% Chinese, 14% Malay, 8% Indians, 1% Eurasians, plus a sprinkling of people of other descent. Though each of these racial groups still remain distinctive – for instance, in celebrating their own festivals and religious events – they open-heartedly share and celebrate other cultures, too. Indeed, it is common practice during major festivals like Hari Raya Puasa, Deepavali and Chinese New Year for a family to welcome everyone – friends, relatives and visitors from other ethnic groups – to their home to share in celebrations. This acceptance, sensitivity and respect for other cultures is in clear contrast to the strained ethnic relations that exist within many of its neighbouring countries.
Source: Guide Me Singapore (n.d.).The People of Singapore.guidemesingapore.com.https://www.guidemesingapore.com/business-guides/immigration/get-to-know-singapore/the-people-of-singapore
MIKYLA DENISE G. GARCERO
8-TECHVOC